PAPA+4.3

toc =**Mineral Resources**=

Vocabulary

 * gemstone**- a tough, multicolored inorganic organism that has a wonderful shining light from its surface
 * ore**- a solid that has an iron inorganic organism
 * alloy**- a rough mixture of two or more steel solids

Introduction

 * Hopewell people
 * lived in Mississippi river
 * made statues
 * made out of flint (quartz), mica
 * bird statues
 * got minerals, they traded with other people

Uses of Minerals

 * People use Minerals for many things
 * cars
 * glass
 * metals, gemstones
 * Gemstones
 * rubies, sapphires
 * gemstones
 * valued for beauty or rareness
 * once cut and polished, it's a gem
 * gems for jewelry and decoration
 * Metals
 * metals like aluminum, iron, copper, or silver
 * can be stretched into many things
 * tools, weapons, machinery
 * Other Useful Minerals
 * minerals are also used for...
 * medicines, fertilizers, and building, materials
 * talc
 * talcum powder
 * fluorite
 * aluminum and steel
 * calcite
 * microscopes
 * quartz
 * glass
 * electronics, watches
 * kaolin
 * white clay to make pottery
 * Gypsum
 * wallboard, cement, and stucco
 * corundum
 * 2nd hardest known mineral, used for cleaning products

Ores

 * Ore
 * where a rock includes a useful metal or mineral
 * most ores are combinations of a minerals, metals, and different elements
 * Copper
 * from ore chalcopyrite
 * problem is finding the ore

Mining

 * Three ways to obtain ores
 * the mapping strategies let the scientist know what strategy should be used to get the ores
 * strip mines, open pit mines, and shaft mines
 * Strip Mines
 * This is where machinery takes away or "strips" the soil to find the ores
 * Open Pit Mines
 * like a strip mine
 * equipment to dig is larger
 * holes are larger (almost a kilometer deep)
 * Shaft Mines
 * when minerals are in veins, scientists use shaft mines
 * a trail of tunnels are built following the vein
 * How mining hurts the land
 * strip mining and open pit mining
 * leaves marks on the land
 * mining pollutes
 * materials used gets into bodies of water
 * Whats done to help
 * laws to do as little damage as possible
 * must replace or restore soil

Smelting
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 * How useful minerals/metals are drawn form ores
 * called smelting
 * ores are melted to obtain useful metal/mineral
 * mixed with other materials to help draw out the useful mineral/metals along with high heat levels
 * heat melts the metal, this takes it away from the oxygen
 * then they take the molten metal
 * when the rest of the other elements are removed, it makes alloy
 * alloy is made of 2 or more metals
 * special alloy is made
 * stronger steel can be made by adding manganese and carbon
 * rust-resistant steel can be made by adding chromium and nickel